文献综述
1.Introduction1.1 Research background Hardy set his novel in the Victorian era. In the Victorian era, people advocated science, and the society entered a period of rapid development under the guidance of science and technology. It was also during this period that Britains industrial revolution reached its zenith. Because he had a deep understanding of English rural life, customs, production struggles and other situations, Hardy chose Dorset county in the south of England where he lived as the geographical background, so he could better perceive the root of poverty of British farmers. Tess of the D Urbervilles is one of Hardys masterpieces. After the British Industrial Revolution, technological innovation also changed the social pattern. The continuous expansion of Western capitalism had a great impact on the small-scale peasant economy at that time, disintegrating the original operation mode in rural areas and forcing many farmers to separate from the fields, leading to the tragic situation of unemployment and poverty economically. Make individual small farmers to poverty and bankruptcy, rich people cruel exploitation of farm workers. It also foreshadows the tragic fate of Tess. The great dairy of Crick and the farm of grope, a rich farmer, described in The D Urbervilles Twig, are the true portrayal of this mode of production in this period. Tess and her companions were representatives of the hired labourers of the countryside, who drifted about doing odd jobs and short-time work in order to earn a living until they were dismissed at the end of the autumn harvest. Exploited and oppressed, they often did hard work. The suffering of Tess and her family is also a true portrayal of thousands of individual farmers in Britain towards poverty and bankruptcy at that time. It was the injustice of the society that made her poor, humiliated and hopeless, and made her a criminal, and ultimately deprived of her life. In this work, author Hardy sets up many accidental and coincidental plots to make people feel that Tesss life is affected by fate, which pushes her to the tragic end step by step. But because contingency is closely related to necessity, it is a reflection of necessity. Born in the capitalist society, Tesss tragic fate is the inevitable reflection of social law. Therefore, the cause of her tragic fate is the social system at that time.Another factor that goes deep is religious belief. We know that the religion of the West is Christianity, and the old Mr Clay in Tess of the D Urbervilles is an old school priest, who unswerving fights for his faith. He was upright and kind, with lofty thoughts and a heart of true love and tolerance. He was an almost perfect Saint of Christ, and in him there seemed something of the Reverend Moore, whom Hardy had admired in his youth. In the novel, the heroine Tess is also a strong, kind, tolerant, tolerant and self-sacrificing woman. They generally believe in Christianity, which is the foundation of Tesss tragic fate. Religious belief also brought psychological pain to Tess. After being physically destroyed and insulted, she locked herself in her home and rarely went out. Only when night fell, she would go out to feel the 'embrace' of nature. It seemed to Tess that the evenness of light and darkness occurred only at the closing of evening, and that it was only in such an environment that she could feel the beauty of the alternation of nature. To temporarily protect her from the ravages of religion. When Hardy describes Tesss ideology, he always points to the society and religion that maintain this concept. We hope to see a beautiful kind person like Tess can finally have a good home, and a like acrylic rely on commercial speculation rich bourgeois , a 'flesh out' the hypocrite, to others caused the wounds in the body and mind, the wicked evil should be sentenced to death, and not under the protection of the law, He became a preacher of good deeds.1.2 Literature review Thomas Hardy was an English poet and novelist who inherited anddeveloped the literary tradition of the Victorian age. He wrote novels mainly in his early and middle years, and opened up the Literature of the English century with his outstanding poetry in his later years. Hardy wrote seven novels, four collections of short stories, eight volumes of poetry and two poetry plays. Hardys works reflect that capitalism has brought profound changes to social economy, politics, morality, customs and other aspects after it invaded the rural areas of Britain, resulting in the tragic fate of farmers, especially women, thus exposing the hypocrisy of bourgeois morality, law and religion. In the early years of the reform and opening up, Chinese academia was in a period of recovery, and Chinese scholars began to carry out all-round research on Hardys literary works. In Hardys book, he ingeniously combined Tess with nature, which represents the ecological environment and opposes the destruction of women by people under the patriarchal system and the destruction of the ecological environment by human beings. Both women and nature are the great mothers of life. She represents primitiveness, passivity, emotion, weakness and mystery. There is a harmonious relationship between them. Ecofeminism emphasizes and tries its best to reflect the essential connection between women and nature. In Tess of the D Urbervilles, Hardy, with the help of his delicate and symbolic description of the scene, sets off and colors the change of the heros mood with the change of scenery, showing a natural and harmonious relationship between land, house, poultry, old horse and the hero Tess. Tess, the protagonist in Hardys works, is an integral part of nature. Far from the hustle and bustle of the city, it has not been polluted by the evolution of industrial civilization, a pure land. It was this pure land that nurtured the pure, good and beautiful Tess. Both Tesss appearance and her heart are integrated with the environment around her, which forms a contrast with the surrounding patriarchal, and is permeated with the fresh, simple and pure breath of nature. 1.3 Need of the study The necessity of analyzing Tess of the D Urbervilles under the guidance of eco-feminists theory is discussed as follows: First, this paper discusses the close relationship between women and nature, and further demonstrates the equivalent relationship between women and nature through actual cases in Tess of the D Urbervilles. This can provide a convincing research paradigm for eco-feminist theory. Secondly, the research has certain practical significance. On the one hand, it helps to meet the needs of ecological protection. Now, in the era of rapid development, no matter what the ecological cost, human beings have welcomed the path of technological evolution, which has led to serious pollution of the natural environment. This paper also aims to improve peoples ecological awareness, calling on people to protect nature and build an equal and harmonious ecological environment. On the other hand, it helps women to improve their feminist awareness and establish an equal and harmonious relationship between women, nature and men. Hardy is a writer with advanced consciousness. In his works, he expresses the spirit of womens brave resistance under the discourse of patriarchy. The emergence of eco-feminism was closely related to the authors social environment and cultural background at that time. Through the study of Hardys eco-feminist consciousness, to explore the tragic fate of the heroine, so that we can better understand the work through the perspective of eco-feminism.2.The Interpretation爋f燛co-feminism2.1The relationship between women and natureEcofeminism holds that almost every national culture links women with nature, and there are conceptual, symbolic and linguistic links between feminism and ecological issues. In Hardys writing, Tess is more closely associated with nature. In a sense, she is the embodiment of nature, the pure child of mother Nature. Nature is the place of Tesss life and activities, and she and nature are closely connected with each other. Many times, the author describes Tess and nature together.Tess lived in a secluded valley surrounded by mountains, uninvited by tourists or landscape painters, let alone by the city. Under the pen of the author, Tess and the nature she lives in are one, beautiful, pure and unaffected by worldly influences. And the author also put the change of natural scenery and Tesss mood, experience together, played a scene blend effect. When Tess entered the d Urbervilles house, which was full of traps and dangers, the natural environment also became dark: 'The eaves of the hut were hidden among the evergreen leaves' and the hut was scarlet. It was the scarlet hut hidden under the green leaves that resembled the evil and danger hidden under the placid exterior of the D Urbervilles.Here, too, nature was closely associated with Tess, judging by subsequent events. This writing technique is very similar to the writing method of blending situations in Chinese literature, but there are essential differences between the two. The technique of scene blending in China is to imply the mood of the characters and the development of the story by setting the scene for the person. However, in essence, the two are separated. The scene is the scene, and the person is the person. In Tess of the D Urbervilles, the author deliberately integrates nature with Tess. The description of nature is not only for the description of Tess, but thinks that Tess is a part of the natural environment, and the most important part.In the last part of the article, the author wrote that Tess was taken to Sand burn. There was almost no description of natural scenery in this city, and Tess would not exist without nature, because Tess was a part of nature. Sure enough, the author chose Tesss place of death here. This confirms the authors view that Tess is a part of nature from the opposite side, they are closely linked, missing one and missing two. This is exactly what eco-feminists believe that there is a natural connection between ecological nature and women, which is also the embodiment of eco-feminism consciousness in the novel.2.2 The relationship of women by patriarchalEcofeminism believes that with the development of society, the oppression of western colonialists is constantly escalating, which inevitably results in the continuous aggravation of male chauvinism and western colonialism. The Western concept of development holds that the development of the world is the continuous escalation of colonial rule and oppression of women, which is based on the destruction of nature and oppression of women. Ecofeminism emphasizes the relationship between women and nature. Under this relationship, feminists believe that western value dualism mainly emphasizes the relationship between male power and nature and the oppression of men on women. Men regard women and nature as equal status, and plunder and grab both wantonly. Just like Angel and Alec in the story, although they have different feelings for Tess, their thoughts remain in the patriarchal concept in a sense. Although Angel is full of possessive and sensual thoughts, and Alec symbolizes rationality, they both cause endless harm to Tess. Tess has the spirit of tenacious resistance, but in the society of rampant gender discrimination, this kind of resistance is tantamount to hitting a stone with an egg. Throughout Tesss father, for his own vanity, regardless of his daughters safety, personally sent her into the tigers den, one by one confirmed that women were constantly enslaved and exploited under the patriarchal system.In Tess of the D Urbervilles, Hardy criticized the destruction of women and the destruction of natural ecology together for many times. He believed that only the simultaneous criticism of these two behaviors could fundamentally solve the problem, which was also the embodiment of eco-feminist consciousness. Tess in Hardys writing is not afraid of the dark wilderness, nor does she avoid the loneliness of nature, but repels and escapes from the patriarchy in her heart. It can be seen that the author strongly criticized the oppression and destruction of women and nature by the industrial revolution and the patriarchal system. The author also deliberately describes the tragic experience of Tess and the environment destroyed by industry together, implying the common destiny of the two and criticizing the behavior of destroying women and ecology together. As the author writes, when Tess was abandoned by her husband and moved to Flincomtzen, the local environment was greatly damaged by industry. 'The air was dry and cold, the cart roads were blown to dust soon after the rain, and there were few or no trees.' And of the Great Dairy barns: 'These rivers flow slowly and are often muddy, with a muddy bottom, and a wader who is not careful can sink deep into them.' The lines are full of criticism of the destruction of nature by social groups. In criticizing the social harm nature ecological at the same time, the author always arrange social persecution of Tess in the destruction of natural ecology, which suggests that for womens oppression and close link between the destruction of natural ecology, suggest that these two kinds of the perpetrators of tragedy is caused by the mainstream society, is under the patriarchal system of the patriarchal, This leads to the criticism of male chauvinism, which is also the embodiment of the authors eco-feminist consciousness.2.3 Awakening of female consciousnessIn Hardys time, the patriarchal consciousness was still in the mainstream position, and the society generally believed that the development process of historical civilization was centered on the patriarchal power, while the majority of women were in a subordinate position, and they could only comply with and serve the patriarchal system centered on the male. Under the attack of the social concept at that time, not only men thought so, but also most women were forced to accept the unfair treatment imposed on them by the society under the oppression of the law-abiding system. However, Hardys Tess rebelled against this idea, reflecting the awakening of feminism. In the novel, first of all, we can see Tesss helplessness from being forced to work in the D Urbervilles house. At the same time, it was impossible for her to not be affected at that time, so she finally came to the D Urbervilles house without resisting her father. Then, after she was insulted, she began to realize that she did not listen to her parents in order to marry that seemingly noble beast. Finally, she met her true love Alec through work. He was an aristocrat. Tess did not shrink from this, and she pursued bravely for love. It shows that she does not consider herself inferior and that women also have the right to choose their true love, rather than being enslaved by men. In many details of Hardys portrayal, we can feel the continuous improvement of female consciousness. From Tesss pride that she survived through hard work after being abandoned to her final killing Angel because of love, she never felt that she should choose to be content with the world because she was a woman and give her choice to others.
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